太阳能光纤照明,是光纤技术和太阳能利用技术的一种新颖而完美的结合。简单地讲,就是直接采集太阳光,压缩阳光能量并注入光纤进行传输、分配,最终通过特制的光纤灯具进行照明。该技术的应用,对于发展清洁能源,构建两型和谐社会将大有裨益。因为,该技术具备以下几个特点。
- 节能:直接利用太阳光;
- 健康:石英光纤可自动滤除紫外线;
- 安全、灵活:石英光纤中的光传输是不带电的,并且光纤具有良好的柔性方便分配光线;
- 环保:可减少白天对电力光源的依赖,且技术本身不涉及任何有害物质。
太阳能光纤照明,是光纤技术和太阳能利用技术的一种新颖而完美的结合。简单地讲,就是直接采集太阳光,压缩阳光能量并注入光纤进行传输、分配,最终通过特制的光纤灯具进行照明。该技术的应用,对于发展清洁能源,构建两型和谐社会将大有裨益。因为,该技术具备以下几个特点。
根据所用光纤的类型,可以把光纤连接器可分为多模连接器和单模连接器。单模光纤连接器可分为PC,UPC或APC。而多模连接器只有PC或UPC。这里所谓的PC,UPC,APC是指对光纤连接器陶瓷插芯的抛光方式。
从外观看,多模连接器通常带黑色或浅褐色的(beige)尾套(boot)。单模的PC和UPC尾套通常是蓝色或黑色,单模APC则为绿色。
插损是光纤连接器很重要的技术指标,越小越好。而一般APC的插损要小于UPC,UPC的要小于PC。
其它型号的光纤连接器
E2000
E2000 fiber optic connector is one of the newly develped types, which features a spring-loaded shutter used to protect the ferrule from dust and scratches. E2000 fiber connectors is similar size of SC fiber connectors.there are single mode E2000 fiber optic connectors and Multimode E2000 fiber optic connectors. UPC,APC polish types.
SC
SC stands for Subscriber Connector- a general purpose push/pull style connector developed by NTT. SC has an advantage in keyed duplexibility to support send/receive channels.
SC Connectors are frequently used for newer network applications. The SC is a snap-in connector that is widely used in singlemode systems for its performance. The SC connector is also available in a duplex configuration.
They offer low cost, simplicity, and durability. SC connectors provide for accurate alignment via their ceramic ferrules. The square, snap-in connector latches with a simple push-pull motion and is keyed. They feature a 2.5mm ferrule and molded housing for protection. Typical matched SC connectors are rated for 1000 mating cycles and have an insertion loss of 0.25 dB.SC fiber optic connector is with push-pull structure; it is one of the earliest and most commonly used types. With the plastic housing, the SC fiber optic connector is low cost. But it is also with good accuracy; SC fiber optic connector is widely used in mass installations.
FC
Same as SC fiber connector, FC is also invention of NTT Company from Japan. FC is with metal housing, screw structure, as the same products developed by one company, FC fiber optic connector ferrule and sleeves used in FC fiber optic adaptor are both same as SC ones.
这大概是目前应用最广泛的光纤连接器型号。
ST
ST fiber optic connector is also a metal structure, unlike FC fiber optic connector; ST is a push-pull type, not screw type as FC. ST are usually used in 10Base-F while SC usually used in 100Base F, ferrule of ST fiber optic connector is exposed outside, SC fiber optic connector ferrule is designed to be inside of the housing.
LC
LC is the short form for the company name Lucent, LC fiber optic structure is similar like the RJ ones, and it is push and pull. Size of ferrules and sleeves used in LC fiber connector and LC fiber adaptor is half of SC and FC, it is 1.25mm. LC is widely used in single mode fiber network, and it is more and more used in multimode network as well.
MT-RJ
MT-RJ was developed based on NTT’s MT connector, and with the RJ-45 style structure, so it got the name MT-RJ. MTRJ connector is with duplex fiber channel inside one single connector, the space between the two channels is 0.75mm. MT-RJ is widely used for data transmission.
MU
MU is short form of Miniature unit Coupling, it was developed by NTT based on SC fiber optic connector, MU is by now the smallest single ferrule fiber optic connector in the world, so it is good choice for densely installation. NTT has developed a series of MU products. As the fiber optic network bandwidth goes bigger and with wide use of DWDM, demand of MU fiber optic products is also increasing. All above fiber optic connectors are with ceramic ferrules with various sizes, except for MT-RJ ones. MT-RJ is with plastic ferrule.
SMA
SMA是SubMiniature version A的缩写,由Amphenol Fiber Optic Products首先发明制造.
SMA connectors use a threaded plug and socket. 它是最先被标准化的光纤连接器。The SMA was designated as FOCIS-1 by the TIA.
In addition to their compact size, the SMA connector has exceptional mechanical durability. The SMA connector holds a single fiber. SMA connectors have a threaded coupling nut. The ferrule is traditionally made of steel, although ceramic versions are available.
SMA connectors come in two varieties: the SMA-905 has a straight ferrule, whereas the SMA-906 has a stepped ferrule design. The SMA-905 is a non-contact connector typically used in medical, industrial, and military applications. When two SMA 906 are mated together the stepped ferrule design allows an alignment sleeve to be used and therefore the connection has lower insertion loss. The SMA 905 does not have an alignment sleeve therefore the insertion loss of the 905 is higher than that of the 906.
Field Assemblies Fiber Optic Connectors
The new series of field assembling connectors enable fiber optic cable assembly in filed working to be simple, quick and cost effective. there are various types to fit for 0.9mm , 2.0mm and 3.0mm fiber optic cables.Compliant with standard IEC 61745, EIA/TIA 568 and ROHS compliant.
双锥型连接器(Biconic Connector)
这类光纤连接器中最有代表性的产品由美国贝尔实验室开发研制,它由两个经精密模压成形的端头呈截头圆锥形的圆筒插头和一个内部装有双锥形塑料套筒的耦合组件组成。附图如下:
![]()
DIN47256型光纤连接器
这是一种由德国开发的连接器。这种连接器采用的插针和耦合套筒的结构尺寸与FC型相同,端面处理采用PC研磨方式。与FC型连接器相比,其结构要复杂一些,内部金属结构中有控制压力的弹簧,可以避免因插接压力过大而损伤端面。另外,这种连接器的机械精度较高,因而介入损耗值较小。
(是否就是简称为D4的光纤连接器呢?待验证,D4的图片见下面)

不锈钢铠装光纤连接器
这并不是一类特殊的光纤连接器,是指可对连接器外护套再处理,即结合了不锈钢护套。These new fiber optic connectors are Sealed and Resistant to temperature, chemicals and corrosive materials. LC,SC,MT-RJ等型号都可以进行不锈钢铠装。
有许多教科书都说:菲涅尔波带片有聚光的作用,类似一个普通透镜,因此又称菲涅尔透镜(比如梁铨廷:物理光学,电子工业出版社第3版:P217)。其实 这个讲法并不准确。菲涅尔透镜和菲涅尔波带片不是一回事。请读者下载附件:刘锡印介绍的《菲涅尔透镜》(PDF格式)。
菲涅尔透镜又称螺纹透镜,由法国物理学家A.J.菲涅尔于1820年首先研制成功,并应用于灯塔上。可以认为它是通过改造普通透镜(展平,挖去多余的不产生光程差的部分)得到的。
光线经过玻璃透镜时会发生折射现象。仔细观察一块放大镜,就会发现,实际上能够改变光线传播方向的,只是透镜与空气的界面。透镜中间相同厚度部分对光程差没有贡献,光线经过这一部分时,方向没有改变。因此,可以拿掉这一部分,将不会影响透镜对此区域光线的偏折作用。假设挖掉这一部分(该区域为一个圆盘),为了保证透镜与空气的界面形状不变,相当于要把剩余部分保留并平移,使它的底面与透镜原来的底面重合。这就是含有两个螺纹的菲涅尔透镜。
对中心部分再进行上述处理,就可以得到多螺纹的菲涅尔透镜。为了使改造后的透镜与原来透镜的曲面形状尽量一致,就要把每一个螺纹环做得尽量窄,螺纹环的数量因此而增加。
由于每个球面锯齿仍然具有平凸透镜的球面和平面,因此它与平凸透镜一样,具有对光的会聚作用。螺纹透镜可以用塑料、有机玻璃等材料通过模具热压而成,具有成本低,重量轻,厚度薄,对光的吸收少,便于大规模生产等优点。
如果把各环带的球面曲率半径按消球差的要求进行加工,这样的菲涅尔透镜就可以做到孔径大而无球差,其相对孔径(直径与焦距之比)可达1:1或1:0.8。
但是,由于螺纹透镜的一个表面带有突变的锯齿形,所以出射光的波面也是不连续的,它只能用作几何成像的元件,成像质量也不易提高。在成像质量要求不高的场合,螺纹透镜可用作放大镜或聚光镜。菲涅尔透镜可作成名片大小的放大镜,用来阅读书报。舞台照明、汽车前灯、电影机光源等照明灯具中可作为大孔径聚光镜。投影仪的大孔径聚光镜也是螺纹透镜。
采用类似的原理,菲涅尔透镜也可以做成发散透镜。
至于菲涅尔波带片(Fresnel zone plates),它是根据光学中惠更斯一菲涅尔原理制成的。
在透明胶片上作一组同心圆,使各圆半径之比满足一个特定的条件(使相邻环带的光程差均为波长的一半,“半波带”由此得名),把奇数(或偶数)半波带涂黑,使偶数(或奇数)半波带透光,就成为一个菲涅尔波带片。用照相方法可使半径按比例缩小,以达到衍射光栅的要求。
波带片的焦距与光的波长有密切关系。因此,发白光的物体在波带片后面不同位置会得到不同颜色的像,而看不到白光的像。同一物体会得到许多组像,有实像,也有虚像。而菲涅尔透镜则与平凸透镜一样,能够得到白光的像。
于螺纹透镜与波带片结构不同,外观也有所区别,波带片看起来稍暗一些。
现在可以用全息方法,按照波带片的半径比,制成衍射光栅,但各环带之间不是黑白相间,而是从黑到白、再从白到黑的明暗程度按照正弦规律分布,这样的光栅可以象平凸透镜那样只成一个像,称为全息透镜。
相关的英文介绍见:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_lens
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_plate
如果上网本降到¥1500,在中国可能会出现井喷。
(最近考虑再买一台笔记本,了解到有关资料。)
————————————————————————
我们现在一般把价格比笔记本主流价格低,尺寸在7寸以上,10寸以下,以网络连接为主要应用的笔记本统称为上网本(netbook)。
UMPC也是由英特尔提出的概念,官方认为只有同时满足”7英寸或更小的显示屏”、”内置触控板”、”最小分辨率为800 x 480″等多项条件的,才能称之为UMPC,就目前市场情况来看,UMPC尺寸一般在5.6寸-7寸之间,大多具有旋转屏幕或触摸屏等功能,价格也比上网本要高的多。而MID的尺寸比UMPC更小,不久前爱国者推出的4.8寸P8888就是非常典型的MID设备。
光纤模场直径(Fibre Mode Field Diameter)
单模光纤中的光场能量并不完全在纤芯中,而有一定的能量分布在包层中。光纤中的基模电磁场强度在光纤的横向分布形成模场,模场直径就是描述单模光纤纤芯中光能量集中的程度,是单模光纤的一个重要参数。
对于高斯分布的单模光纤模场,光场振幅下降最大值1/e处的光斑直径,或光功率强度下降到大值1/e 的光斑直径称为该光纤的模场直径。
从07年起,我开始关注LED的产业状况。觉得这是一个可能有较大作为的市场。
今天看到的消息是:“LED路灯点亮产业新希望” 。它终于在政府的扶持下缓缓起步了(以前政府的支持仅限于研发,而众所周知,中国的研发其实是一些大鹗们在那里分赃)。
———- ———-
由于工作需要,小批量求购大功率LED光源。有商家搜索至此,请回帖留下联系方式,谢谢!
Powered by WordPress